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venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a zoonotic human illness first identified in 1989. The disease is most prevalent in several rural areas of central Venezuela and is caused by the Guanarito virus (GTOV) which belongs to the Arenaviridae family. The short-tailed cane mouse (''Zygodontomys brevicauda'') is the main host for GTOV 〔Salas, R., and De Manzione, N.. "Venezuelan haemorrhagic fever." Lancet. 8774.338 (1991): 1033-1037. Print.〕 which is spread mostly by inhalation of aerosolized droplets of saliva, respiratory secretions, urine, or blood from infected rodents.〔Milazzo, Mary L., Narua N.B. Caimat, Gloria Duno, Freddy Duno, Antonio Utera, and Charles F. Fulhorst."Transmission of Guanarito and Pirital Viruses among Wild Rodents, Venezuela."Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17.12 (2011): 2209-2215. Web. 26 Apr. 2012. .〕 Person-to-person spread is possible, but uncommon.
== History ==
From September 1989 through December 2006, the State of Portuguesa recorded 618 cases of VHF. Nearly all of the cases were individuals who worked or lived in Guanarito during the time they became infected. The case fatality rate was 23.1%.〔Fulhorst, Charles F., Maria N.B. Cajimat, Mary Louise Milazzo, Hector Paredes, Nuris M.C. deManzione, Rose A. Sala, Pierre E. Rollin, and Thomas G. Ksiazek. "Genetic diversity between and within the arenavirus species indigenous to western Venezuela." Virology. 378.2 (2008): 205-213. Print. .〕
Because the virus is contracted by aerosol dissemination, concern arose shortly after the first cases emerged in 1989 due to fear of biological warfare. Potential biological terrorism agents were identified and categorized in 1999 by the (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ) (CDC) as part of the Congressional initiative to further response capabilities to biological weapons (〔Hruby, D.E., Bolken, T.C., & Dai, D. (2011). U.S. Patent No. 7,872,037. Corvallis, OR: Siga Technologies, Inc.〕 ) . Arenaviruses causing hemorrhagic fevers, along with a genus of virus called filoviruses, were categorized in Category A; these are pathogens with the highest potential impact on public health safety.
A notable event in the timeline of this virus' scientific knowledge was the unexplained disappearance of a vial of the virus at the University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston National Laboratory, announced 2013 March 24.〔http://www.kltv.com/story/21779393/virus-vial-missing-from-galveston-lab〕
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